The latter judgment is aimed at the recently exited BushAdministration and its supporters from America's conservatives and theChristian Evangelical Right. For Bronner, the Bush Administration had beenthe epitome of those who do not dialogue, who do not listen to otherperspectives. They are those "committed to a self-serving globalismrather than cosmopolitanism, (whose) officials lied to the American publicand to the international community," carrying with it "a peculiararrogance informed (by) the twin beliefs that only the United States--andperhaps a few of its close allies--has the right to engage in preemptivestrike and doing so will evoke limitless gratitude from liberated peoples whowish only to be like us" (6, 7).
The justification for non-state actors to have an important rolein peacebuilding processes (like the Tanenbaum Peacemakers or citizendiplomats) has been championed by organizations such as the Institute forMulti-Track Diplomacy (IMTD), providing conceptualization, training, andprogramming for the field of track-two diplomacy. (7) A lesson provided byDiamond's and MacDonald's early work (1996) was the conviction thatconflict resolution, especially when facing complex, chronic, or protractedforms of conflict, should be approached through a systemic grid of actors.For IMTD's organizers, religious actors such as the Peacemakers, andindividuals engaged in conflict resolution actions such as citizen diplomats,stood alongside and within a complex web of resources and ongoing activities.Some of these would include the opportunities for change brought on byeconomic actions, by advocacy efforts at forums of all levels, throughresearch, through professional negotiation and engagement, through thetraining of citizens towards conflict resolution at the most basic of levels,through spiritual and ritual means, and through organizations who could helpto offset or alleviate grievances of various types (Diamond and McDonald1996). Viewed systemically, the important activities of the Peacemakers aswell as citizen diplomats should be best seen as complementary to the othertrack-two efforts underway and the intergovernmental negotiations that wouldbe moving ahead on track one. Religion may be the "missing dimension ofstatecraft" as the subtitle of one volume of religious peace-buildingcases suggests (Johnston and Sampson 1994), and therefore in need ofrediscovery and implementation; and citizen diplomacy may be as historicallygrounded in Immanuel Kant's cosmopolitanism as it is fresh inBronner's latest efforts. But embedding them (as opposed to isolatingthem) as parts of a systemic application of multi-track diplomacy in settingsof chronic and protracted violence seems appropriate, justifiable, and inkeeping with the documented strengths that non-state actor networks canprovide.
Liberated 2 Subtitle Indonesial
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